Pest Analysis of Sainsburys in a 3rd World Country

Presentation of the Company : Sainsburys is the third biggest chain of grocery stores in the United Kingdom. It was established in 1869 and has been developing everywhere throughout the United Kingdom from that point forward, and today works more than 1000 grocery stores and accommodation stores and representatives more than 150,000 workers and catches over 16% of the piece of the pie. It is likewise recorded on the London Stock Exchange and is the constituent of the FTSE 100 index.Sainsburys gives items to its clients as well as administrations somewhat. The items and administrations offered by Sainsburys have a wide range from food and beverages to vitality giving, dress to protection, apparatuses to banking offices. Sainsburys has been a developing element at a developing rate. In spite of the fact that TESCO has surpassed Sainsburys to turn into the market head and has extended in United Kingdom as well as outside the United Kingdom, for example, Europe, Asia and North America.Si nce TESCO has consistently been a solid contender of Sainsburys so Sainsburys additionally has this aim to grow outside United Kingdom, as well. It is fundamental for a firm or organization to do a PEST examination either as another participant or to exist and get by in the market to keep it’s self refreshed with the impact of the large scale ecological components. Presentation of PEST Analysis : PEST examination represents â€Å"political, financial, social and innovative analysis†. Vermin Analysis centers around examining the large scale condition in which a business or a firm operates.Each of these variables assume an essential job in the general business condition and one ought to think about these elements and have imperative information on them as they can either make you an example of overcoming adversity or may wind up closing down the business. Political variables allude to the monetary arrangement given by the legislature and the administration mediation the economy. This incorporates territories, for example, charge strategy, work, law, tarrif and exchange limitations. Political steadiness is likewise very significant for the financial development. While, governments have incredible impact on wellbeing, instruction and foundation of the nation.Interest rate, financial development, money related and monetary arrangement, expansion and the trade rates are the significant monetary variables. These elements assume an imperative job in a firm’s business procedure and dynamic. Each nation has it’s own way of life and the country strongly affects their living. The social and social effects on business fluctuate from nation to nation. Socialâ factors incorporate the social angles and incorporate wellbeing awareness, language, populace development rate, age conveyance, vocation attitudes.Trends in social variables influence the interest for an organization's items and how that organization works. For instance, the jobs of people in the general public. Besides, organizations may change different administration systems to adjust to these social patterns Technologicalâ factors have fundamental spot in PEST investigation. A few markets are work escalated and some are capital concentrated. Innovative components determineâ barriers to section, least proficient creation level and influence outsourcing decisions.It is one of the significant drivers of globalization and is the base for upper hand. Advancement is offered to the clients or buyers through innovation for instance web banking, PDAs and so forth. It likewise empowers the firm to deliver an item efficiently and to a superior quality in standard. Pakistan is the 6th most populated nation on the planet with more than 180 million individuals. It is evaluated that the 25% of the populace has a place with the center salary class. It is likewise assessed that 55% of the Pakistani populace is in the 10-40 years age bracket.The upper center salary class is e valuated at 17 million with moderately high for every capita pay which favors more purchaser spending. The normal Pakistani shopper burns through 42% of his salary on food related items. The up and coming changes in segment will make openings and difficulties for organizations in Pakistan. Pakistan’s food retail area is chaotic and profoundly commanded by free little stores. In the course of recent years, some enormous European food retailers have opened stores in every significant Pakistani metropolitan urban communities like Makro, Metro and Carrefour (Hyper star).Pakistani families are pulled in towards these stores because of their key area, numerous item go and imported handled food. Studies additionally show that there has been a huge move to sorted out organization of shopping from customary arrangement, in urban zones. This gives a difficult and gainful chance to other food retailers to enter the market. Sainsburys gives advantageous shopping under one rooftop, has wi de scope of items, shopper well disposed condition, enormous capacity and limited prices.These factors give Sainsburys a bit of leeway over other food retailers as of now present in Pakistan. In the event that Sainsburys chooses to enter in food retail part, at that point it needs to play out a PEST examination. Bug Analysis of Sainsburys in Pakistan : Political Factors : The political components rotate around the present government in a nation. As of now, in Pakistan, the decision party is Pakistan People’s Party which was equitably chosen in 2008. In spite of the fact that it is supported by western powers yet at the same time is viewed as a frail government.The fundamental inquiries emerge, for example, how stable is the political or is there any administration intercession in the monetary approach making or laws and enactment securing the organizations. Lamentably, because of feeble governments previously, the security and defilement has been the key issues Pakistan has b een looking over the most recent decade. Which unquestionably is certifiably not a decent sign for any remote financial specialists. Be that as it may, monsters in food-retail parts like Metro and Carrefour ( hyper star) have set a model with an expanding development in benefit and extension even in such circumstances.Sainsburys may enter in the Pakistani market with it’s assortment of items which are accessible under one rooftop, as the expanding pattern in urban regions appears, there will be popularity for it. Political components may likewise incorporate the products and enterprises which the legislatures need to give or be given. Sainsburys gathers a lot of it’s income by selling it’s wide scope of wines and spirits. Pakistani law precludes the deal or utilization of a wines and spirits inside its geological limits, Sainsburys won't be permitted to sell it in their stores which may adversely influence their sales.Government of Pakistan guarantees that there is outside interest in Pakistan and it has consented to a couple of exchange arrangements as well. It likewise gives outside financial specialists the motivating forces to contribute here. Fractional possession by the Pakistan government typically fills in as a protection strategy for the investors and the financial specialists. Monetary Factors: Extremely unstable oil costs are the underlying driver of worldwide money related emergency in Pakistan which has additionally intensified the vitality emergency. These two variables increment the expense of production.High expansion is a key resultant of it As Sainsburys produce quite a bit of it’s items in stores so they may go past their possible district in delivering an item. Loan fees are at their pinnacle, monetary development is very moderate and this is because of the low degree of loaning and buying intensity of the customer is frail. Despite the fact that it is a work serious nation and work flexibly is very high and furt hermore accessible requiring little to no effort than most different nations however joblessness is rising paying little heed to the previously mentioned actuality. The hole among rich and poor keeps on growing and the level of poor is expanding everyday.However moderately very less expensive work may do a huge effect in Sainsburys creation. It will likewise bring business open doors for youthful and talented work. Substantial advances from budgetary foundations like IMF and world bank has made the legislature paying off debtors upto neck and there are not a single critical changes to be found. Anyway monetary guide bundles for the sake of war on fear and from the companions of Pakistan has shielded the economy from falling. Pakistan has coordinated with worldwide economy and has welcomed positive effect on economy with increment in GDP.Despite of the more regrettable conditions, Investing in such a nation where modest work is accessible and the greater part of the country’s populace lies in the work power, focusing on center salary class-remembering the way that administration offers help to private financial specialists would not be a terrible choice. Social Factors : The way of life and religion are near one another in Pakistan. As referenced over this will influence the deals of wines and spirits of Sainsburys as it isn't just precluded by the predominant religion and disallowed by law yet the focused on class doesn't acknowledge it too.Health and Education are the two significant divisions for any creating countries and Pakistan need them two and administration of Pakistan neglects to dispense the necessary financial plan in both the parts. In any case, individuals like to shop and accompany families to the huge retail locations. There has been a huge move from customary to composed arrangement. The investigations show that 11% of the populace will in general purchase long life food related items ahead of time for a month. Sainsburys gives a sound and safe condition to work with,which for a change would pull in the individuals to work and shop here.In correlation with the past, ladies have additionally begun to contribute in the work power. Language will be a hindrance for the residents of Pakistan as english isn't the primary language in Pakistan. Purchasing imported items is viewed as a superficial point of interest in Pakistan so there is an appeal for remote items in Pakistan and is refreshing in the neighborhood advertise. As indicated by contemplates individuals burn through 42% of their salary on food related items. So there will be popularity for a food related items gave by Sainsburys. Innovative Factors :Technological exper

Explore the theme of escapism in Peter Pan Essay

The topic of idealism is noticeable in much children’s writing. Frances Hodgson-Burnett’s The Secret Garden is, similar to Peter Pan, a case of Edwardian children’s writing. Both these books are stories of idealism from genuine into a different universe. There are likewise later instances of idealism in children’s writing. During the 1950s C. S. Lewis developed Narnia, and in considerably later writing, Harry Potter gets away from his regular day to day existence to go to class at Hogwarts. J. M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, an early Edwardian tale, is one of the extraordinary works of art of British children’s writing and is, by all accounts, a story about a kid who wouldn't grow up. There is in any case, a hidden plot concerning a young lady who must grow up. It is from this commitment that Barrie’s Neverland goes about as a type of departure. All through Peter Pan, there is little spotlight on the female characters. It is nearly expected that Wendy will grow up and turn into a Mother, as all little girls do. In spite of the fact that Neverland permits Wendy to escape from her home and from the residential world she knows, she doesn't get away from family life through and through. She nearly becomes mother to the Lost Boys, and is given various residential obligations, for example, pressing Peter’s shadow. In any case, Wendy’s relationship with Peter isn't totally regular. She gives off an impression of being the nearest thing Peter has to a sweetheart, as he dismisses the lewd gestures of both Tinkerbell and Tiger Lily. In any case, Wendy additionally seems, by all accounts, to be going about as his mom, something Peter has been denied of as long as he can remember. It is the silly vitality of Barrie’s creative mind loaded up with such a â€Å"splendid muddle of privateers, redskins, pixies and mermaids† that enchants such huge numbers of youngsters (Carpenter p172). Through this control of different people’s brains and feelings, Barrie â€Å"carries them off from this present reality †¦ to his very own nation invention† (Carpenter p179). Barrie is by all accounts giving his perusers a substitute confidence, to go about as a type of departure from the Christian lessons of the Victorian time. It has even been proposed that Peter Pan is in certainty an elective religion. Humphrey Carpenter recommends that in numerous regards Peter is Christ-like. Conceivably the most evident case of this is the point at which he takes Wendy and her siblings on a trip of imagination to â€Å"his own radiant land† (Carpenter p182). The Lost Boys who live there appear to speak to the spirits of the dead as Peter attests, â€Å"They are the kids who drop out of their prams when the attendant is looking the other way†, in this manner further expanding Neverland’s similarity of paradise. The idea of getting away to paradise was critical to Barrie. He lost his sibling David at a youthful age and consequently went through quite a bit of his time on earth attempting to turn into a living form of the kid â€Å"who by biting the dust †¦ remained ever young† (Wallshli ger p120). To watch Peter and Hook as the Christ and Satan of Barrie’s religion, the peruser must have confidence in the novel. The topic of conviction is intriguing all through Peter Pan as the peruser may be, similar to the Darling kids, continually being asked, â€Å"Do you accept? † In request to fly, the Darling kids must have confidence, and â€Å"think flawless great thoughts†, as Peter’s pixie residue may be, in itself insufficient. Thusly the peruser or crowd must have confidence and trust in the way that a kid can fly. Thus, so as to escape to Neverland, a peruser must have confidence that there is such a spot â€Å"somewhere past the second star to one side and straight on until morning†. The subject of conviction is especially significant toward the finish of Barrie’s story when the dear kids lose their confidence and no longer put stock in Peter, thus can't see him. Despite the fact that confidence and conviction are significant in Peter Pan, the fantasy about running away to a different universe is by all accounts practically independent. Barrie infers there is little need to grow up or stir from this fantasy all things considered in actuality previously encircled by the Edwardian family life of the â€Å"real† world where riches and connections are significant. Woodworker in truth goes farther than this by attesting that youngsters must not grow up and asserts that to visit Neverland â€Å"requires a demonstration of conviction that kids can't continue as they develop up† (Carpenter p180). Dwindle himself is by all accounts of the supposition that it is just kids, who can get away from the drudgery of regular daily existence and cases, â€Å"I need consistently to be a young man, and to have fun†. Barrie’s experience story and his production of such an enchanted saint appears to have accomplished what so much children’s writing had recently attempted to do. Diminish speaks to the move from the Victorian view of the youngster as a â€Å"moral icon† to â€Å"a furor for the kid as a carefree playboy hero† (Wallshli ger p111). Diminish has no memory or feeling, thus â€Å"can live just for the moment† and encounters euphorias that other kids can never know (Wallshli ger p117). Subside is an agamic youngster as opposed to a youngster. Barrie himself was likewise to some degree sexless, and it is far fetched whether his marriage was ever fulfilled. This absence of sexuality and sentimental relationship is spoken to well in front of an audience as Peter is regularly played by an on-screen character, and is in this way saw as a hermaphroditic figure. Another intriguing part of the throwing of Peter Pan is that of Mr. Dear and Hook, who customarily, are played by a similar entertainer. This turns out to be especially huge while considering the topic of manliness in Peter Pan. There is a lot of proof of male intensity in the novel. The most evident case of this is Peter’s double with Hook, which has all the earmarks of being a declaration of manliness by Peter. It is especially fascinating that it is Peter and the lost young men who triumph over Hook who is a full grown scalawag. This energetic triumph goes about as another type of getaway for a youthful peruser. Customarily in Victorian culture grown-ups were in charge and would have control over youngsters. In Barrie’s Children’s dream, it is youth and sexual youthfulness that empower Peter to triumph over his grown-up rivals. It has been proposed by numerous pundits that Peter, â€Å"The kid who wouldn’t develop up†, is a portrayal of Barrie himself. Barrie was a short man and in spite of a mustache â€Å"retained an extraordinarily innocent look until old age† (Carpenter p173). He was in a physical regard, truly, a kid who couldn’t grow up. This figure of a man in a child’s body is without a doubt the rule model for Peter, who is â€Å"neither kid nor adult† (Carpenter p177).

How to Overcome Your Fear of Alcohol Withdrawal

How to Overcome Your Fear of Alcohol Withdrawal Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Print How to Overcome a Fear of Alcohol Withdrawal After Quitting By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 13, 2019 becon / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Binge Drinking Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Have you ever wanted to quit drinking alcohol but were hesitant to do so because you feared that the withdrawal symptoms would be too severe? You are not alone. Many people are afraid the withdrawal symptoms  could be dangerous if they quit drinking. You may have tried to quit drinking alcohol before and discovered that the symptoms you experienced were more severe than you anticipated. Maybe you decided to go back to drinking just to relieve those symptoms. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms are the primary reason that many people quickly relapse when they attempt to quit. Uncomfortable Symptoms of Alcohol Withdrawal Can Be Reduced Make no mistake about it, alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be severe, and in some cases fatal.?? If you are a daily drinker, a heavy drinker or a frequent binge drinker, suddenly quitting will likely produce a wide range of uncomfortable symptoms. But today there is help available for people trying to give up alcohol, even after a lifetime of heavy drinking. There is treatment available that can greatly reduce or eliminate most of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Seek Help Rather Than Quitting Cold Turkey Without Support The key to quitting alcohol while avoiding unpleasant withdrawal symptoms is asking for help. If you have decided that it is in your best interest to stop drinking, seek help from your family doctor or primary healthcare provider. There are specific medical treatments that your physician can provide you with that will stop or reduce most of the symptoms you would normally experience if you quit cold turkey. Benzodiazepines (tranquilizers) are the main treatment for symptoms of withdrawal, like the shakes, and are also key to preventing and treating delirium tremens (DTs). ?? You may be given beta-blockers to reduce your heart rate and anti-seizure medications in case you do go into the DTs.?? Your healthcare provider may also suggest vitamins and dietary changes help with your withdrawal symptoms.?? Treatment Options for Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Professional Detox Programs Another alternative, especially if you have experienced severe withdrawal in the past, is to check yourself into a professional detoxification facility. Detox programs involve short-term (usually less than seven days) inpatient treatment during which specially trained professionals monitor your withdrawal closely and administer medications as needed. One advantage of in-patient detox is that you will be away from your usual drinking triggers and therefore be less likely to pick up a drink to stop the symptoms when they begin.?? And no, you do not have to be falling-down drunk to check into detox. People voluntarily check in every day. Bottom Line If you need to quit drinking, dont let alcohol withdrawal scare you off. There are medications and treatments available today that can help you get through those first early days of no alcohol consumption. You dont have to do it on your own. Alcohol Withdrawal From Day 1 to Day 30

Existentialism in Catcher in the Rye Essay example

Existentialism in Catcher in the Rye nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Catcher in the Rye creates an existentialist out of Holden Caulfield by giving him a strong personal opinion, a different sense of view, and isolation.nbsp; Holdens individuality and his different way of thinking creates within him an Existentialist that refuses to accept weakness but holds sympathy for the weak and vulnerable.nbsp; The basis for these beliefs lies within the most commonly identifiable theme of existentialism, which states that the philosophy stresses the concrete individual existence along with the individual freedom and choice.nbsp; It also stands on the idea of moral individualism, in which one must choose his†¦show more content†¦Spencer in order not to sound inferior to him.nbsp; A Danish philosopher and existentialist, Soren Kierkegaard, once wrote, I must find a truth that is true for me... the idea for which I can live or die.nbsp; Holden stays true to this statement as he leads a life, not as a phony, but as himself, leading a solitary life in order to stand up for what he believes in, even if he stands alone.nbsp; Holden seeks the truth that, when the ultimate motive becomes uncovered, remains to be free of corruption.nbsp; Even the good things in life, the good and honest acts, can be contaminated due to the wrong motive. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Holdens motives pertain to those of Pascal, a 17th-Century French philosopher, who saw the human self as sort of a contradiction.nbsp; Although Holden felt a need to isolate himself, he also had a need to love.nbsp; He began to miss the people he knew, and this willingness to congregate with people contradicts his desire to stay apart.nbsp; Kierkegaard believed that the individual must defy the norms of society for the sake of higher authority of a personally valid way ofShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher Of The Rye, By F. D. Salinger1795 Words   |  8 Pagesunderwent a tremendous change in structure as well as philosophy. J. D. Salinger’s book The Catcher in the Rye helped contribute to this revolution by highlighting new philosophies in literature. This is evident in pre-1950 writing as well as the changes that persisted through the remaining part of the decade, especially in the writing style popularized during the Great Depression. The Catcher in the Rye also contributed to a change in conflict. This conflict started as an external object to overcomeRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye By F. D. Salinger1795 Words   |  8 Pagesunderwent a tremendous change in structure as well as philosophy. J. D. Salinger’s book The Catcher in the Rye helped contribute to this revolution by highlighting new philosophies in literature. This is evident in pre-1950 writing as well as the changes that persisted through the remaining part of the decade, especially in the writing style popularized during the Great Depression. The Catcher in the Rye also contributed to a change in conflict. This conflict started as an external object to overcomeRead MoreThe Theory Of Self Orientation1958 Words   |  8 Pagesdefine existentialism, would manifest themselves with the end of World War II and the onset of the Cold War. These same beliefs can be seen in J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye, a novel which follows the cynical and apathetic teenager Holden Caulfield, on his journey of self-introspection and a search for his true self. Existential elements are abundant in the story, but the element of choice seems to establish itself with a prominence in Holden’s life. The novel explores how existentialism sees choiceRead MoreThe Theory Of Self Orientation1957 Words   |  8 Pagesdefine existentialism, would manifest themselves with the end of World War II and the onset of the Cold War. These same beliefs c an be seen in J.D. 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In the tradition of rites of passage novels such as Huck Finn and Catcher in the Rye, he emerges from various trials with the cold, cruel adult world with a new-found threshold for love (Connelly 42). Alex develops a penchant for maudlin pop songs, a sharp contrast to the dynamic symphonies he once adored (Burgess, Orange 212)

Personal Ethics An Ethical Person Cheating On Taxes,...

Personal Ethics: What does it mean to be an ethical person? Cheating on taxes, exams, relationships, etc., seems to be rampant. Is this a problem? Why or why not? Personal ethics is the generally accepted principles or practices of right and wrong governing the conduct of individuals. To be simple, personal ethnic is the internal guide that tells us what is right and wrong. They drive our actions and emotions on o daily basis. Some people may be appearing similar set of personal ethics, but some people may have completely different sets. There are five major influences of personal ethics are: family influences (people), religious beliefs (religion), culture, experience (law), and internal personal reelection (philosophy). On the other†¦show more content†¦Cheating on exams is also very common in colleges and universities. Some students never study hard but can still pass the exams easily by cheating! Nobody knows the mumber of cheating on taxation. But it must be a lot, because the IRS says unreported income costs the U.S. Treasury $250 billion or more a year in lost taxes. http://www.livescience.com/32313-how-many-people-cheat-on-t axes.html Cheating on taxes is unethical. Three Views on the Ethics states the one cheating on tax is always, or almost always unethical. There are basically three ethnic views for this belief. The first views are the belief that individuals have a duty to the state to pay whatever taxes the state demands. This view comes from the belief that individuals should conform to majority rule. The second views for cheating on tax become unethical duty is because the individual has a duty to other members of the community. This view holds that individuals should not take advantage of the services the state provides while they don’t contribute to the payment of those services. This view come from the belief that if the one who cheating on tax do not pay their tax, then the others who obey the law must pay more than They should on the their tax. It is unfair and otherwise unfair means unethical. The third view is that we owe a duty to God to pay taxes because God has

Violence Involving Weapons Free Essays

The Board of Education has removed the principal of the troubled Martin Luther King Jr. High School after a spate of violence involving weapons at the school. Most recently, on Friday, a student sneaked a knife into the bustling five-story building and threatened another student. We will write a custom essay sample on Violence Involving Weapons or any similar topic only for you Order Now The removal of the principal, Ronald Williams Wells, came almost three weeks after a crush of students, teachers and administrators dashed from the building and for cover in classrooms when a man shot two students in what appeared to be a dispute over a girl. The school is at West 66th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, a block from Lincoln Center. On Friday, two students were arrested after one student displayed a folding knife during an argument. He passed it to a second student after security officers arrived to break up the fight. The first student sneaked the knife into the building by passing it inside a book bag through the school’s weapons scanner. Martin Luther King school officials did not call th! e Board of Education until hours later, said Catie Marshall. The Board of Education requires school administrators to call the board’s emergency information center immediately after such incidents. During an investigation into the timing of the report, Tony Sawyer, the Manhattan high school superintendent, removed Mr. Wells Ms. Marshall said. The New York Post first reported the dismissal yesterday. Mr. Wells has been replaced by Steve Gutman, a 36-year veteran of the system who retired in September but came back to the board at Mr. Sawyer’s request. Mr. Wells’s new assignment has not been announced. After the Jan. 5 shootings, Mr. Wells came under criticism for not being at work. He was on duty with the National Guard that day. Schools Chancellor Harold O. Levy, who toured the building after the shooting, found that some people who were not enrolled in courses were carrying photo identification cards. The school has had its share of trouble in the nearly three decades since it opened. Efforts to improve the curriculum have faltered, and principals have quit. Next year, the school – which is large, with about 3,000 students – will be divided into two smaller academies. The removal of a principal cannot be seen as having fixed the problem,† said C. Virginia Fields, the Manhattan borough president, who is a member of the task force working to phase out the old school. â€Å"There is much work to be done. We need to address safety and security, as well as other concerns that have been raised, including academics and student selection. † My opinion on the whole thing is that the school made the right decision to remove the princible from the school. For one reason what if something happened again like Columbine. That would not be good. How to cite Violence Involving Weapons, Papers

The History of Baseball Essays - Baseball Rules, Team Sports

Steven Wolfert Core:1 The History Of Baseball Now a thriving industry,baseball has come very far from it bad beggining. Today all around the world proffesional and non-proffesional players play baseball,or a similar version of bat and ball games.There have been many versions of bat and ball games played such as baseball,lapa(Russia),rounders,(England)cricket,and town ball(Germany). In the early 1800's people made the first pair of rules for Round ball,these rules were that each team pitched to themselves, bases were run in a clockwise direction and players could be out by swinging and missing three pitched balls or by being hit with the ball while moving between bases.According to 19century baseball.com,Alexander J. Cartwright is known as the father of baseball,because he trained a team called the knickerbonckers. Cartwright wrote twenty rules, which were published and known as the "20 Original Rules of Baseball". The first recorded game played under the Knickerbocker Rules, and took place on June 19, 1846, when the Knickerbocke rs lost to the N.Y Baseball Club,23?1 in four innings.This also became known as the first ever recorded baseball game. In 1860 a Foul Ball Post was to be placed 100 feet from both third and first base in line with home base. The post was used to help the judge decide whether a batted ball landed in fair or foul ground. Player Henry Chadwick suggested that the correct size of the bases should be 17 inches by 14 inches. It is not known if bases these dimensions were ever used. The oldest bat and ball games were played in Egypt around 2000 years ago.

Eviewing The Nhs And Community Care Act Social Work Essays

Eviewing The Nhs And Community Care Act Social Work Essays Eviewing The Nhs And Community Care Act Social Work Essay Eviewing The Nhs And Community Care Act Social Work Essay Since the constitution of the Welfare State in the 1940s, the National Health Service and Community Care Act is among some of the most of import Torahs in wellness and societal services in Britain ( Adams, 2002 ) . Its policies, based around autonomy , empowerment and choice was supported by many authors who saw it as the remedy to relieve the deep and destructive jobs encountered by societal attention ( Levick, 1992 ) . This paper will seek to explicate the impact that subsequent societal policy has had on societal work pattern and that of the experiences of older people since the origin of the 1990 NHSCCA. The paper will try to analyze the scope of services available to older people before and after the 1990 Act and analyze some of the chief policies of the Act. The term community attention was foremost coined in the 1960 s and was originally used to depict the relocating of people from psychiatric milieus into less institutionalized 1s ( Thomas and Pierson 2002 ) . Prior to this, nevertheless, community attention policy was derived from 18th Century Poor Law, which was the lone statute law to run into the demands of older people, until the debut of the National Health Act 1946 and National Assistance Act 1948 ( Wilson, Ruch, Lymbery and Cooper, 2008 ) . However, despite the new Acts, which helped to make a different universe for societal attention ( Wilson et al. 2008: 623 ) , Townsend ( 1962, cited in Wilson et al 2008 ) reported that there was small societal attention proviso for older people in the immediate post-war period other than residential attention, which Townsend claimed clearly varied in quality. Furthermore, Beech and Ray ( 2009 ) argue that past policies have non considered the diverse demands of turning old and the figure of physical, emotional and psychological alterations that are faced by older people. Subsequent station war authoritiess became progressively sympathetic in the shifting of attention services from residential scenes to community based, which became a precedence of the ( 1979-97 ) Conservative authorities ( Adams, 2002 ) . By the mid 1980 s, many political observers and professionals were naming for policies which involved the replacing of inappropriate residential attention, which was still as Townsend had commented in the 1960 s as variable in quality, and the debut of high quality community attention ( Adams, 2002 ) . Adams adds that it was hoped that community attention would undertake the segregation, isolation and the stigmatization felt by older people who may hold been institutionalised for long periods of clip. However, Adams ( 2002 ) points out, one time the Conservative authorities had brought about the denationalization of public services, which included a programme of societal security funding that in consequence, encouraged older people to come in resid ential attention and at the same time leave community attention services under-developed due to a deficiency of public investing. The Audit Commission ( 1986 ) to a great extent criticized community attention and the authorities appointed Sir Roy Griffiths to describe on the hereafter of community based services. This led to the Government White Paper Caring for Peoples ( Department of Health, 1989a ) which finally transformed local authorization societal services sections from suppliers to buyers of services to make a market economic system. This had an consequence on forepart line societal workers as they were involved more in the attention direction of older people, like measuring demands and inventing attention bundles ( Adams, 2002 ) . Holloway ( 2008: 315 ) supports this and claims that a common ailment among practicians is we re non societal workers any longer, we re merely attention directors . This led to a contract civilization with the marketisation of the populace sector where societal service sections would necessitate to committee and proctor services carried out by outside bureaus ( Departmen t of Health, 1989: 23 ) . Furthermore, societal workers were more frequently removed from direct work with service users and there was a crisp focal point and greater answerability, coupled with restraints on resources and gatekeeping for those who are in the greatest demand ( Levin and Webb, 1997 ) . The NHSCCA ( 1990 ) increased the acknowledgment of the demand for community attention and wellness attention to go spouses in services and to include voluntary bureaus and lodging sections, which heralded development policy doctrine after 1990 ( Braye and Carr, 2008 ) . Furthermore, there was a belief that service users should hold more control of the services available to them and being able to buy the services they want, as opposed to non taking portion in determinations sing services provided for them ( Braye and Carr, 2008 ) . Another important policy development for older people, explained by Wilson et Al. ( 2008 ) , was the National Service Framework for Older People which placed an accent on independency and liberty. To increase the degrees of independency, intermediate attention ; which was ab initio outlined in the NHS Plan ( DoH, 2000 ) was brought approximately in a command to cut down the figure of yearss older people spent in infirmary and as Lymbery ( 2005 ) points out, was frequently an unwanted and expensive signifier of intervention. Policy quandary are apparent in the national eligibility standards, Fair Access to Care Services ( DH, 2002 ) , which is a model to guarantee equality of entree to people in demand of societal work intercession ( Beech and Ray, 2009 ) . Due to fiscal restraints, the demands of older people are merely being met if they fall into the critical or substantial ( CSCI, 2008 ) . Furthermore, as Lymbery ( 2005 ) points out, older people experience negative effects with respects to entree to services and options due to current policy, despite underscoring advancing independency, through the eligibility standards, uncertainty environing the denationalization of services and the regulations of appraisal. This paper has charted some important policies and services available to older people before and after the NHSCCA ( 1990 ) and has found that despite denationalization and the rhetoric of independency and publicity of pick, some cardinal deductions have materialised for older people. However, despite the Act, the paper suggests there are tensenesss between limited resources and limitless demands with the function of societal work altering from supplier to enabler. This has had some practicians comment that they are now care directors instead than societal workers due to there being less direct work with service users and more work making attention bundles.

Online Halloween Scavenger Hunt

Online Halloween Scavenger Hunt This is a great Halloween scavenger hunt that will have your students scavenging online for the answers to the questions below. Scavenger Hunt Directions Find the answers to questions 1 - 20 (below) on the following pages to complete the following Halloween Scavenger Hunt. Halloween Questions 1. What kind of worms are in wormy apples? 2. What do you get when you cross a Snowman with a Vampire? 3. Name the Halloween Haunted House in Bentleyville, PA. 4. Where does the name Halloween come from? 5. In what year did the Salem witchcraft trials occur? 6. What color should the Walkman box be sprayed in order to complete the Walkman costume? 7. In Halloween Checkers, what type of creature is on your pieces? 8. What label should you look for when purchasing costumes? 9. What do you make the Halloween Spiders legs out of? 10. Who wrote The House of Seven Gables? 11. What three ingredients are needed to make Goopy Slime? 12. In the Easy Halloween Maze, what are you trying to help the skeleton find his way to? 13. Who wrote The Raven? 14. What sign should hang over the entrance to a Harry Potter Halloween party? 15. Where can you see memorabilia from pirates like Blackbeard? Happy hunting!

Critically analyse two of the theories that seek to explain the Essay

Critically analyse two of the theories that seek to explain the relationship between people and technology - Essay Example According to the determinists, human beings are directed by the technology, and cannot decide on how the technology will be used. In other words, the society is influenced by the technology. Another important perspective is sustantivism which suggests that human beings are enframed by technology. Human beings also lose their will if they become attached to the technological systems. This perspective shapes different institutions including the political systems, culture and social structure. The perspective further holds that technology has its own independent values, which human beings cannot be able to change. This paper examines the social construction of technology and actor network theory. According to Gad and Jensen (2009), this theory rejects the determinists’ perspectives that the society is influenced by the technology. The concepts of this theory are well described in an article titled, the social construction of technology: structural considerations. The writers of this article, Klein and Kleinman (2002) observe that the first component of the SCOT theory is interpretive flexibility. According to Klein and Kleinman (2002), this concept is borrowed from the empirical program of relativism and suggests that artifacts are products of intergroup negotiations. The second component is the relevant social group concept. According to this component, social groups share same values and characteristics. In this regard, different social groups can differ on how a particular technology works, but in the end they come into a consensus. The third component of this theory is closure and stabilization. According to this component, multi-group processes occur until a cons ensus is reached, and stabilization is facilitated by the rhetorical closure and closure by definition. Rhetorical closure occurs when all problems are eliminated while closure by definition happens when the problem is redefined until it poses no more

Communication study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Communication study - Essay Example This chapter attempts to explore the use of indexes and scales as a measure of variable in social science research. It also discusses the various typologies employed in both qualitative and quantitative research (Babbie, 2012). Indices in this case are used to measure an individual item in relation to their importance in the concept being established. Babbie (2012) notes that indexes are normally used to measure a given social issues affecting people in the society. A scale, on the other hand, is used as a tool for ascertaining the intensity of emotions or attitude of an individual. Babbie (2012) reveals that the scales employed by the social scientists in research are normally constructed in the ordinal data level. Likert, semantic differential and Bogardus Social Distance Scales, are the typically examples of scales normally used by social scientists in their studies according to Babbie (2012). Babbie (2012) also considers the effectiveness of scales and indexes as a measure of variables in this chapter. In this regard, it comes out that scales are perceived to work better than indexes. This is because scales take into consideration the feelings being measured, as well as the intensity of the question asked, according to Babbie (2012). There are normally several data collection methods used by social scientists. Sampling is one of the most popular methods used for data collection. Sampling refers to the data collection method in which a given small sample is taken as a representative of an entire population according to Babbie (2012). In this chapter, Babbie (2012) explores sampling as a data collection technique used by social scientists. It also attempts to examine the various sampling techniques used by researchers, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of sampling as a data collection technique. Babbie (2012) reveals that sampling technique has been

Role of Greed and Grievance in Civil War

Role of Greed and Grievance in Civil War The role that greed and grievance play in civil war is its emergence. Their role is a crucial and controversial one in the creation of civil wars. There have been various arguments concerning their role in its emergence, with most for greed as the key factor as the backbone of all conflict including civil war while a few others also consider grieves role. However, it is my opinion that both work hand in hand to create the violence that is civil war. Some could even see how one begets the other, legitimizing the creation of one through the existence of the other. Either way the role both greed and grieve play is one of an instigator. This paper will illustrates how both factors have intertwining roles in the occurrence of civil war; the aim is to show how one factors role influences the other and how one factors role can overlap and blur the other out. This will be done by looking at various explanations for civil war attributed to greed and grieve individually. To discuss these terms and their role in the emergence of civil war it is crucial to understand what they mean and why they are considered active role players in the creation of civil war. Civil War is conflict that arises when militant groups of people attack a government and or civilians persistently (Collier, 2003:54).What exactly is greed and how does it come into play in the occurrence of civil war? Greed according to the English dictionary (dictionary.com) is ‘excessive or rapacious desire especially for wealth or possessions. It is the need to acquire more than you need taking or having more of what you already have. So who is the greedy in civil war? Based on the definition, do the greedy exist in the sense of the word? If they do, then it is crucial to ‘investigate how the greed generates grievance and rebellion, legitimizing further greed (Keen,2000:32) as part of its role in the occurrence of civil war through, the actions of the greedy. Various economic and political factors contribute to the emergence and creation of civil war starting from inequality in terms of resource allocation to participation in the decision making process. There have been various arguments as to what really causes civil war; the prominent answer is economic inequality. The general idea is that people want more access to resources and because they cannot get it, they take it by force. In this sense, then yes the greedy exist and play a major role in the occurrence of civil war. On the other hand, those who do not have access to recourses at all and just want to enjoy the benefits and access to it in the first place (not more access) are not greedy but needy. The actual participants(people doing the actual fighting, and protesting) of civil war are not acting according to greed, for greed as earlier defined is wanting more of what you already have. They on the other hand just want access to resources denied of them, denoting previous lack. It is easy to link economic need and lack of resources to greed even more so as the focus is often on how the elite manipulate the situations to create civil unrest and strife, and how they and a few others benefit from it. The error is in considering these groups of people to be the only actors of civil war. The aim here is not to diminish the role of greed, for it plays just as important a role as grieve does as will be later discussed. The aim is to point out that it is important to consider those acting from greed and those from grieve, and the role of grievance in causing civil war before giving all the credit to greeds role as the dominant player in the creation of civil conflict. It is impossible for one factor (grieve or greed) to stir up conflict without the presence of the other factor. The greedy, often times are some entrepreneurs, rebel lords and their gangs, and a few elites (including some governments) that have something to gain from civil unrest are motivated by their greed, their desire to hoard more resources, their access to it, and the benefits gained from said resources (in form of employment, education, wealth etc). Their interest is vested in the continuation of war and so they manipulate the grieve that exists in the society which more often than not is a result of their greed. These are the few Collier talks about when he says, ‘civil war creates economic opportunities for a minority of actors even as they destroy it for the majority (Collier, 2000:91). This brings me to the point that the greedy are few but their impact and influence on the occurrence of civil war is big. Greed plays a minor yet visible role in civil war. The greedy few use the genuine grieve of the majority to advance their own economic agenda. According to Collier (2000), gr ieve is used to recruit actors in civil war. To understand the role of grieve; it is important to define it and consider what constitutes the sentiment. Grieve refers to pain over injustice or unfortunate circumstances as used in the English dictionary ‘grieve is to feel great sorrow, be mentally distressed or oppressed and wronged (Dictionary.com). This attribute is evident when considering factors that contribute to civil war. Looking at the case of Rwanda (Caplan, 2007) where the Tutsi had previously oppressed the Hutus during colonialism. The Hutu ethnic group embarked on an ethnic cleansing mission of the Tutsi ethnic group when they gained political power. This example illustrates how grieve came into play for Rwandas civil war. Ethnic differences, which resulted in oppression of one group by the other, created tension and grieve that erupted into violence. The role of Grieve and greed as creators of civil war is evident in that they are the foundations for each explanatory factor given for the occurrence of civil war. They are the driving forces behind factors contributing to civil war like ethnic differences, manipulative leaders and so forth. For each factor attributed to greed, there is grieve working with it making it possible for greed to be pursued, and for each grieve backed reason for civil war, greed is presently active. Both factors work together, greed creates grieve and it is also possible for greed to emerge from that grieve (Cramer, 2002) without one, the other really does not exist in civil war. Thus far, the contribution and role of greed and grieve as individual factors in the occurrence of civil war in a country has been show, now focus is directed to illustrate how their individual roles intertwine and work hand in hand. This aspect of the essay is going to examine the roles both grieve and greed play in different gr eed or grieve specific explanations offered for the cause of civil war. The most prominent explanation or contributing factor to civil war in literature and media seems to be economic agenda (Collier 2003) (greed explanation) and inequality (grieve explanation) between groups and people in the society as previously noted. The idea behind this is that people engage in conflict in order to advance their own economic agenda, be it access to previously denied resources or to gain more access to said resources. Collier (2000:93-95) uses a number of proxies to explain how greed motivates conflict. For instance, the availability of primary loot-able resources(also discussed in Collier, 2008) in a country creates an avenue for conflict to develop out of greed because of what is to be gained from looting (be it profit from actual sale of good or use of it). Another proxy used was the number of young men without job prospects whose income earning potentials and educational levels are low (Collier, 2000:95). According to this analogy jobless young men with no prospects living in a country with an abundance or somewhat large number of â€Å"primary resources† is a recipe for conflict in said society because of idleness and availability of loot-able resources and of course greed. These young jobless men without prospects do not have jobs or proper paying jobs because they have been denied access to proper and good or any form of education(also a factor that contributes to grieve). They may even have one but cannot get any or good employment because of inequality in the society. A country with large â€Å"commodity exports† obviously has the resources to make things better for these people or at least the means (sale of said commodity resources) to make things better. The availability of young men and primary export commodities shows how greeds role as a generator of civil war works. The explanation also illustrates how grieve (also an instigator of civil war) plays its role i n this dominantly greed backed explanation. Grieve experienced over the unfavorable conditions and employment status or lack thereof of these â€Å"young men† led them to resort to conflict to acquire some of the economic resources not made accessible to them. Colliers argument is that countries with â€Å"large primary resources† are prone to more civil war. The logic of his argument is that ‘resource-rich countries have a higher probability for conflict than resource-poor ones (Soya, 2000:120). Well certainly, there is some credit to this logic because resource poor countries have little or no resources. The difference between these two types of countries is that resource rich countries have resources. The scarcity of said resources within the country where the benefits of such resources are not visible or made equally available to its citizens are bound to experience rebellion from the majority of the population considering how only a minority benefits. The sense of injustice and feeling of unfairness likely to arise from the knowledge that certain resources are available but to only a few elite is enough to bring about grieve. This is also likely to motivate rebels and cause an uprising, and not only the idea that there is excess to acquire and more to be made from black market so let us loot and make our own profits like Collier and Soya would have us believe. The greed proxies (available young men, primary resource and education level) and explanations show greeds role at work, and shows that of grieve in civil war, illustrating how one cannot work without the other. The grievance factors of civil war and some of the grieve backed explanations for civil war like differences and animosity existing between groups in the society, and how they contribute to the emergence of civil war also illustrate the role of greed. The first of many is ‘raw ethnic or religious hatred (Collier, 2000:95). The logic behind this is that people are afraid of what they do not know or understand. Therefore, a society that is deeply separated based on different ethnicities and religious views will experience civil unrest at some point or the other because the society is invested in the differences that exist. Take for instance the Biafra war of Nigeria. The Biafra civil war broke out because of the three major ethnic groups (Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo) in the country, out of which the Igbo were not represented in government. They no longer were actively included in politics after years of being at the forefront of Nigerian politics, and running the country with the las t president (removed through a coup dà ©tat) being from the Igbo ethnic group (Ralph, 2004). Their lack of representation meant their access to certain resources were limited. The ethnic groups in power based on solidarity-favored members of their own ethnic group, their regions had better systems of education, and employment opportunity was regularly based on whom you knew and what ethnic group you belonged to. They only cared about and helped â€Å"their own people† while members of other ethnic groups were being slaughtered and maltreated. This goes to show how deeply rooted the society was in ethnic identities and differences. So much so, that the Igbo felt oppressed and resentment grew. The situation escalated because of problems surrounding the presence of crude oil in the region of the country occupied by the Igbo. The profits made from the resources found in their regions or â€Å"their lands† was not distributed equally around the regions of the nation and es pecially not in the regions, they were found in. In addition, the Igbo leaders decided to keep the profits to themselves to improve the standard of living of maltreated ethnic group members (Global Security.org). Out of grieve over the extent of inequality in the nation the Igbo felt the need to secede. The Nigeria Biafra war illustration of ethnic identities and differences creating civil strife supports the idea that ‘societies that are highly fractionalized by both ethnicity and religion (Collier, 2000:95) will have more incidence of civil war. Furthermore, the illustration not only shows grieve playing its role as a creator of civil war by supporting the grieve backed explanation for causes of civil, in this case ethnic differences and inequality, it also shows greeds role in the occurrence of the Nigerian Biafra civil war. The Igbo were oppressed, agreed but they did not threaten to secede up until they lost their position of power in government (an Igbo was in the presidential office) and found an excuse (Using the proceeds to help the oppressed) to keep the benefits and profits from the valuable natural resource found in the southeast region of Nigeria, where the Igbo reside to themselves. The presence of such a valuable resource like crude oil turned the Igbo greedy an d their state of oppression created an avenue for that greed to show. They wanted to keep the benefits from crude oil to themselves and break from the country. With the already existing situation of the ruling ethnic groups (Hausa and Yoruba), isolating resources based on ethnicity, and their greed in taking and keeping the benefits of the resources without any of it trickling down to the Igbo added to the existing rage and grieve over inequalities that abound in the society and oppression. More importantly, it legitimized the greed of the Igbo group; if it was all right for the ruling groups to hoard resources, it was all right for them to take their resource and keep it for themselves. The ruling groups out of greed kept resources for themselves, this resulted in the neglected groups (Igbo) grieve. Because of their greed, the ruling ethnic groups (Hausa and Yoruba) desired to keep the resource within their grasps and power so they can benefit more from it. This greed possibly led them to resist the secession of the Igbo group away from the nation. The Igbo on the other hand out of grieve over limited access to resources grew greedy and wanted to break from the country at the discovery of a valuable resource (crude oil) they wanted to keep to for themselves. This just goes to show how greed causes grieve and how both factors work together to manipulate situations in a way that results into violence. Another grieve backed factor for civil war that shows the role of both grieve and greed as creators of civil war is the idea of economic inequality again. This factor shows the perfect relationship between the roles of greed and grieve. The latter stemming from the unavailability of certain things like land for instance which Collier (2000) uses as proxy for inequality to others because the elite of the society have access to it. The greed of some in accumulation of resources for themselves and in the process causing grieve for those who do not have access to or are unable enjoy certain benefits derived from it. Ultimately greed from one side coupled with grieve from another equals civil war or at least leads to some form of conflict and even more so in a country with weak governance. A weak government implies ‘government economic incompetence (Collier, 2000:96) and an inability to control or prevent an outbreak of conflict in case one arises from said incompetence. Where there is an incompetent government, greed and grieve have an avenue to breed and reinforce each other in the creation of civil war. An incompetent government is to some extent responsible for economic inequality. The government is tasked with the duty of making resources available to its citizens equally or at the very least provides social safety nets when and where needed. If the government fails to provide these resources in an equal manner and create an equal atmosphere, inequalities are bound to be more apparent in the society and grieve from such inequalities as explained earlier may erupt into civil war. In addition, having a government that supports greed and is itself greedy and corrupt is another aspect in which a weak governance can and often adds to the incidence of civil war an d reinforce the role of greed and grieve as its creators. Through its greedy activities like accepting bribes from elites to maybe get more electricity in certain parts of the country or a government that fails to maintain public amenities such as the public school system because funds for such maintenance out of greed are diverted into their personal accounts creates grieve. Those that cannot afford private school for their kids or those that cannot afford to bribe them are ultimately denied the use of and access to basic resources. This type of behavior creates the foundation for inequality starting from basic education, which would later reflect in other areas of life like employment and income amongst other things. Government incompetence enhances the role of grieve and greed and creates a breeding ground for them to fester. A government with no desire to end conflict because of how they benefit from it be it through bribes from those that want to keep the situation the way it i s or based on their own interest legitimizes greed which goes on to create grieve which may or may not turn into greed and the cycle continues. Ultimately the role of greed and grieve in civil war is the creation of civil war. Factors that explain why civil wars occur are based on greed or grieve and are generally categorized as grieve based or greed based showing how important their role is in civil war. Without the presence of these factors (Greed and Grieve) civil war does not exist, it does not escalate and it does not continue. They are the fuel to the fire that is civil war. In conclusion, greed and grieve as creators of civil war reinforce each. One does not exist without the other and so to ignore the role of one in causing civil war is to leave the glass half-empty. To understand how various explanations of civil war factors work, it is important to recognize that both grieve and greed work together to effectively create the situation. For without greed, grieve cannot effectively play its role and create civil war, and neither can greed without grieve. Bibliography Amartya Sen. (2008). Violence, Identity, and Poverty. Journal of Peace Research. 45 (1), p Caplan, Gerald. (2007). Rwanda:Walking the Road to Genocide. In: Allan Thompson The media and the Rwanda genocide. London: Pluto Press. p20-40. Collier, Paul. (2008). The Conflict Trap. In: Collier The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. New York: Oxford University Press. p17-37. Collier, Hoeffler, and Sambanis. (2005). The Collier-Hoeffler Model of Civil War Onset and the Case Study Project Research Design. In: Paul Collier, and Nicholas Smbanis Understandying Civil War. 2nd ed. Washington DC: World Bank. p1-35. Collier, Paul. (2003). What makes a country Prone to Civil War. In: Paul Collier,World Bank Breaking the conflict trap: civil war and development policy. Washington, DC: Oxford university press and World Bank. p53-91. Collier, Paul. (2000). Doing Well out of War: An economic Perspective. In: Mats Berdal and David M. Malone Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. London: Lynne Rienner. p91-112. Cramer, C. (2002). Homo Economicus Goes to War: Methodological Individualism, Rational Choice and the Political Economy of War. World Development. 30 (11), p1845-1860. David Keen. (2008). Greed: Economic Agendas. In: Keen Complex emergencies. Cambridge: Polity Press. p25-50. David Keen. (2008). Combatants and their Grievances. In: Keen Complex emergencies. Cambridge: Polity Press. p50-62. David Keen. (2000). Incentives and Disincentives for Violence. In: Mats Berdal and David M. Malone Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. London: Lynne Rienner. p19-42. Global Security. (nd). Biafra War. Available: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/biafra.htm. Last accessed 5 January 2010. Indra de Soya. (2000). The Resource Curse: Are Civil Wars Driven by Rapacity or Paucity. In: Mats Berdal and David M. Malone Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. London: Lynne Rienner. p113-136. Jacoby, Tim. (2008). Grievance. In: Jacoby Understanding Conflict and Violence: Theoretical and Interdisciplinary Approaches. London: Routledge. 103-123. Raph Uwechue. (2004). The Revolution of January 1966- Mismanaged and Misunderstood. In: Reflections on the Nigerian Civil War: Facing the Future. Victoria: Trafford. p23-33.

Bourdieu and social class within the educational system

The subject of social class within the educational system seems to be the elephant in the room. Issues of race, gender, discrimination and making safe places are addressed constantly within the pedagogy yet we ignore the realities of social stratification, especially when it comes to the classroom and the curriculum we are expected to teach. According to Bourdieu, the education systems of western societies function in such a way as to legitimatize class inequalities (Bourdieu, 1977).Success in the education system is enhanced by the possession of cultural capital (which is etermined the dominate culture) and Lower-class pupils do not, in general, possess these traits. Bourdieu then supposes that the failure of the majority of these pupils is inevitable. This, he postulates, explains class inequalities in educational attainment. , For Bourdieu, educational credentials help to reproduce and legitimatize social inequalities, as higher-class individuals are seen to deserve their place in the social structure.Place in the social structure is not pre determined and education often is a factor in the upward mobility in SES. Muller and his team describe cross-national imilarities and differences in the two steps in which education intervenes in the process of intergenerational class mobility: the link between class of origin and educational credentials attained, and between these credentials and class position allocated to (Muller et al. , 1989).They conclude that the patterns of association between class origin and education, and between education and class destinations are similar across the nine nations. However, the strength of these associations demonstrates cross-national variations. This paper is one of the first comparative tudies of social mobility, which used the data sets collected in the early 1970s from nine European countries investigated in Comparative Analysis of Social Mobility in Industrial Nations (CASMIN) project.Nevertheless, this article supports FJG hypothesis which argues that class origin inequalities in relative mobility chances will be roughly constant across nations . Social mobility, class and education is further explored through a longitudinal study conducted by Johnson, Brett & Deary (2009). They proposed that social class of origin acts as ballast, restraining otherwise eritocratic social class movement, and that education is the primary means through which social class movement is both restrained and facilitated, thereby giving weight to Bourdieu's theory of Cultural Reproduction.They conclude that parental social class attainment contributes to educational attainment, which in turn contributes to participant social class attainment, suggesting that educational attainment contributed to social class stability. Education is important to social mobility and, thus, appears to play a pivotal role in the association between ability and social class attainment. When looking at the relationship between ability and socia l class attainment, it is useful to also look at the different types of culture capital.Andersen and Hansen (201 1), for example, distinguish between two interpretations of cultural capital: â€Å"narrow' and â€Å"broad. † The narrow interpretation refers a child's exposure to ‘high cultural' products or activities (Bourdieu's concept ot objectified capital): tor example, having objects of art at home, or a tastefully furnished home, visits to the theatre or art museums, or playing the piano (p. 608). These signs of high culture may not mprove a student's work in any objective way, but they are rewarded through subjectivity involved in assessing academic performance.The same is true of the broad interpretation of cultural capital, which is â€Å"general linguistic skills, habits, and knowledge, including cognitive skills,† which are â€Å"used in a strategic manner by individuals, who thereby may receive advantages or profits† (p. 608). This kind of cult ural capital is passed from parents to children through school work (p. 608). Bourdieu's description of educational capital encompasses this outlook. One ofAndersen and Hansen (2011) implications in schools which supports Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital is that: â€Å"Students from classes with highest cultural capital will perform the best academically, on each horizontal level† (of social class) (p 611) This is often seen played out when looking at the Socio Economic Status schools. Bankston and Caldas (2009) examine how legal desegregation of American schools starting in the 1950s and 1960s was countered by de facto segregation due to â€Å"social class, residential patterns† and other forms of social marginalization.Since the verage socioeconomic status of a student population affects a school's educational achievement levels, upper and middle class families eluded and hindered desegregation by moving to different school districts, suburban communities, by ch oosing private schools etc. Bourdieu's concept of education through institutional capital sees education as a place where one acquires the skills to enter different positions within the labour force -and those positions in turn determines one's socioeconomic status..Bankstone and Caldas state that policy assumes that differences in educational achievements are caused by the concrete schools and in articular by its teaching staff. Schools are believed to determine socioeconomic conditions instead of the other way around. As educators, not only must we be aware that class differences are present in the classroom, but, perhaps, look for ways to minimize the gulf between classes and increase capital culture in those who do not possess as much as others. Technology may be one way to do this. There seems to be a push towards using new technologies in the classroom.Considering class inequality and cultural capital, an educational model that aims to bridge the divide by bringing students to gether to the ame level of technological proficiency would be desirable. Kapttzke (2000), following a case-study in an Australian school, concludes that integrating student- based projects using information technology is a way to bring students with tech sa'. n. y back from the brink of alienation. Kapitzke states that â€Å"teachers who ignore the texts, identities, skills and interests of the young do so at their own peril. † (p. 0) Faced with a growing techno-cultural capital gap, educators need to â€Å"view students as fellow explorers and co-workers† (p. 60) and possibly working on innovative rojects like revamping a school's computer network. The student who led the project ended up teaching not only students but teachers too. Not only would cultural capital be affected, it is most likely that a student's social capital Conversely, a study done in Californian schools shows a different side of the story. Cuban (2001) and fellow researchers explored the paradox of high access to technology with low real use.This was explained by traditional constraints on teachers such as time and structure, as well as annoying deficiencies in the technologies, such as computer crashes, that limited teachers' initiatives. The teachers stressed â€Å"that using computers in their classes made demands upon them that made their Job harder. † (p. 828) In the end, â€Å"inadequate time in the daily schedule to plan work together goes to the heart of teacher use of new technologies and their preferred teaching practices† (p. 28) and resulted in the teachers preferring traditional teacher-based discussions, lectures and activities supplemented with some time for technologies. Cuban and his colleagues believe that technology will never revolutionize the classroom; instead, â€Å"historical legacies of high schools in their chool structures and technological flaws will trump the slow revolution in teaching In conclusion, the Kapitzke article highlights an innovative practices† (p. 830). way of maximizing tech-sawy students' cultural capital and thereby pushing for equality and integration.However, as the Cuban article points out, technology will likely be relegated to special projects when deemed appropriate by a teacher relying on various methodologies. While dynamic technologically innovative teaching methods have their place they are not the magic answer to solving cultural capital and class inequalities.

The Natural State Of Man - 2222 Words

Christine de Pizan, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes all formulated their foundation of understanding of human nature based on their personal experiences. Each applied their theories of human nature to political arrangements and how it ought to be reflected. Hobbes argues that it would be rational to contract with one another to create a government run by a sovereign holding absolute power, because only absolute power is sufficient to resolve disputes. Machiavelli argues that man has both moral and immoral qualities, but will lean towards his own self-interests when all things are equal—This leads to man being unpredictable. Pizan argues that as humans we are vulnerable within a society, and that there needs to be justice and the†¦show more content†¦Examining Pizan’s works proves to be interesting since she is the first western female to write about these particular issues. Her view of vulnerability of all was hardened further upon marrying her then husb and, Étienne du Castel as he encouraged her to continue on her educational path as opposed to stifling her progress. Lastly her choice to want to remain an independent woman after her husband death led to her being a pioneer for feminism. According to Kate Langdon Forhan, she believes that Pizan’s awareness of human nature, view of prudence as self-interest, and functional view of the state are the main issues that brought Christine de Pizan to understand human nature as she does. By doing the things that men in her era were believed to be doing, she was able to come to conclusion of the understanding of vulnerability of all. She was aware of the vulnerability of every person within the political order and therefore takes that up as a theme she addresses in her works. Her response is that we need more justice within the society and the rule of law. Niccolo Machiavelli was also a revolutionary of his era who had a different view from other humanists in his time, because his view on the nature of man contradicts what most humanists believed. Humanists of that time